May 8, 2024
Big Book Idea
Thinking and feeling God's way.
But you, O LORD, are a shield about me,
my glory, and the lifter of my head.
1
O LORD, how many are my foes!
Many are rising against me;
2
many are saying of my soul,
“There is no salvation for him in God.” Selah
1
3:2
The meaning of the Hebrew word Selah, used frequently in the Psalms, is uncertain. It may be a musical or liturgical direction
3
But you, O LORD, are a shield about me,
my glory, and the lifter of my head.
4
I cried aloud to the LORD,
and he answered me from his holy hill. Selah
5
I lay down and slept;
I woke again, for the LORD sustained me.
6
I will not be afraid of many thousands of people
who have set themselves against me all around.
7
Arise, O LORD!
Save me, O my God!
For you strike all my enemies on the cheek;
you break the teeth of the wicked.
8
Salvation belongs to the LORD;
your blessing be on your people! Selah
Individual psalms come from diverse periods of Israel’s history, but at every stage they served as the songbook of God’s people. David wrote about half of the Psalms. His role as king was more than that of a ruler. He was to represent and even embody the people, and their well-being was tied to his faithfulness. David, then, writes as a representative, and the readers must discern whether the emphasis of a psalm is more on his role as ruler or more on his role as ideal Israelite, in which he is an example for all. The historical occasions mentioned in the psalm titles help the reader see how faith applies to real-life situations.
The Psalter is fundamentally the hymnbook of God’s people. It takes the basic themes of OT theology and turns them into song:
The Psalms can be identified according to some basic categories:
Laments, which lay a troubled situation before the Lord, asking him for help. There are community (Psalm 12) and individual (Psalm 13) laments. This category is the largest by far, including up to a third of all Psalms.
Hymns of praise, which call God’s people to admire his great attributes and deeds. Examples include Psalms 8; 93; and 145.
Hymns of thanksgiving. As with laments, there are community (Psalm 9) and individual (Psalm 30) thanksgiving psalms.
Hymns celebrating God’s law (Psalm 119).
Wisdom psalms (Psalms 1; 37), which reflect themes from the Wisdom Books (Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon).
Songs of confidence, which enable worshipers to deepen their trust in God amid difficult circumstances (Psalm 23).
Royal psalms, which present the Davidic monarchy as the vehicle of blessing for God’s people. Some of these are prayers (Psalm 20), some are thanksgivings (Psalm 21). All relate to the Messiah, the ultimate heir of David, either by setting a pattern (Psalms 20–21) or by portraying the king’s reign in such a way that only the Messiah can completely fulfill it (Psalms 2; 72), or by focusing on the future (Psalm 110).
Historical psalms, which take lessons from the history of God’s dealings with his people (Psalm 78).
Prophetic hymns, which echo the Prophets, calling people to covenant faithfulness (Psalm 81).
The standard Hebrew text divides the Psalms into five “books,” perhaps in imitation of the five books of the Pentateuch.
Book 1 | Psalms 1–41 | Psalms 1–2 provide an introduction to the Psalms as a whole. Except for Psalms 10 and 33, the remaining psalms of Book 1 are psalms of David. Most of them are prayers of distress. Others are statements of confidence in the God who alone can save (e.g., 9; 11; 16; 18), striking the note that concludes the book (40–41). Reflections on ethics and worship are found in Psalms 1; 14–15; 19; 24; and 26. |
Book 2 | Psalms 42–72 | Book 2 introduces the first group of psalms by the “sons of Korah” (42; 44–49; 50). There are also more psalms of David (51–65; 68–69), including most of the “historical” psalms (51–52; 54; 56–57; 59–60; 63). Once again, lament and distress dominate these prayers, which now also include a communal voice (e.g., 44; compare 67; 68). The lone psalm attributed to Solomon concludes Book 2 with a look at God’s ideal for Israel’s kings—ultimately pointing to Christ as the final great King of God’s people. |
Book 3 | Psalms 73–89 | The tone darkens further in Book 3. The opening Psalm 73 starkly questions the justice of God before seeing light in God’s presence. That light has almost escaped the psalmist in Psalm 88, the bleakest of all psalms. Book 2 ended with the high point of royal aspirations; Book 3 concludes in Psalm 89 with these expectations badly threatened. Sharp rays of hope occasionally pierce the darkness (e.g., 75; 85; 87). The brief third book contains most of the psalms of Asaph (73–83), as well as another set of Korah psalms (84–85; 87–88). |
Book 4 | Psalms 90–106 | Psalm 90 opens the fourth book of the psalms. It may be seen as the first response to the problems raised by Book 3. Psalm 90, attributed to Moses, reminds the worshiper that God was active on Israel’s behalf long before David. This theme is taken up in Psalms 103–106, which summarize God’s dealings with his people before any kings reigned. In between there is a group of psalms (93–100) characterized by the refrain “The LORD reigns.” This truth refutes the doubts of Psalm 89. |
Book 5 | Psalms 107–150 | The structure of Book 5 reflects the closing petition of Book 4 in 106:47. It declares that God does answer prayer (107) and concludes with five Hallelujah psalms (146–150). In between there are several psalms affirming the validity of the promises to David (110; 132; 144), two collections of Davidic psalms (108–110; 138–145); the longest psalm, celebrating the value of God’s law (119); and 15 psalms of ascent for use by pilgrims to Jerusalem (120–134). |
What was the main purpose of the Psalms for the people of God? The Psalms were the songbook of the people of God when they gathered for worship.
What is a psalm of lament? The main purpose of a psalm of lament is to tell the Lord about a difficult situation, to ask him for his help, and to praise him for helping. Some laments are community, congregational psalms. Others are individual, personal laments. One third of all the Psalms are psalms of lament.
What defined someone as an “enemy” of the people of Israel? The “enemies” mentioned in the Psalms (e.g., 18:17) were people hostile to the faith of God’s people. Sometimes they expressed their hatred by physically attacking the people of Israel, while other times they merely rejoiced when Israel faced misfortunes.
What does Selah mean? Although the word Selah is found 39 times in the book of Psalms, its exact meaning is uncertain. Most scholars believe it is a musical term or a term to be used by a worship leader, possibly to mark a pause.
Snares (38:12) were traps used to catch birds and animals. Some snares used ropes or nets that would be triggered as soon as the bait was touched. Pits disguised with sticks and leaves were also used as snares. In the Psalms, snares serve as symbols of danger or death at the hands of the wicked.
A helpful guide. The writers of the Psalms understood the importance of constant communication with God. They knew that God would hear their prayers, and they trusted him to act on their behalf. Believers today can benefit greatly by patterning their prayers after specific psalms.
A shield for his people. Without the proper shield, an ancient warrior had little chance in battle. Psalms uses the term “shield” (3:3) to describe God’s protection of his people.
Psalm | Incident in David’s Life | References |
---|---|---|
3 | David flees from and battles Absalom | 2 Samuel 15–17 |
7 | The words of Cush, a Benjaminite (persecution by Saul?) | Unknown |
18 | David delivered from enemies and from Saul | 2 Samuel 22 |
30 | Dedication of the temple | Nothing in David’s lifetime; see 1 Kings 8:63 |
34 | David delivered from danger by feigning madness in the presence of King Achish of Gath | 1 Sam. 21:12–22:1 |
51 | Nathan confronts David about his adultery with Bathsheba | 2 Samuel 11–12 |
52 | Doeg the Edomite tells Saul that David went to the house of Ahimelech | 1 Sam. 22:9–19 |
54 | The Ziphites tell Saul that David is hiding among them | 1 Sam. 23:19 |
56 | The Philistines seize David in Gath | 1 Sam. 21:10–11 |
57 | David flees from Saul into a cave | 1 Sam. 22:1 or 24:3 |
59 | Saul sends men to watch David’s house in order to kill him | 1 Sam. 19:11 |
60 | David’s victory over Transjordan | 2 Sam. 8:1–14 |
63 | David in the desert of Judah | 2 Samuel 15–17?; 1 Sam. 23:14–15? |
142 | David flees from Saul into a cave | Same as Psalm 57 |
The standard Hebrew text divides the Psalms into five “books,” perhaps in imitation of the five books of the Pentateuch.
Book 1 | Psalms 1–41 | Psalms 1–2 provide an introduction to the Psalms as a whole. Except for Psalms 10 and 33, the remaining psalms of Book 1 are psalms of David. Most of them are prayers of distress. Others are statements of confidence in the God who alone can save (e.g., 9; 11; 16; 18), striking the note that concludes the book (40–41). Reflections on ethics and worship are found in Psalms 1; 14–15; 19; 24; and 26. |
Book 2 | Psalms 42–72 | Book 2 introduces the first group of psalms by the “sons of Korah” (42; 44–49; 50). There are also more psalms of David (51–65; 68–69), including most of the “historical” psalms (51–52; 54; 56–57; 59–60; 63). Once again, lament and distress dominate these prayers, which now also include a communal voice (e.g., 44; compare 67; 68). The lone psalm attributed to Solomon concludes Book 2 with a look at God’s ideal for Israel’s kings—ultimately pointing to Christ as the final great King of God’s people. |
Book 3 | Psalms 73–89 | The tone darkens further in Book 3. The opening Psalm 73 starkly questions the justice of God before seeing light in God’s presence. That light has almost escaped the psalmist in Psalm 88, the bleakest of all psalms. Book 2 ended with the high point of royal aspirations; Book 3 concludes in Psalm 89 with these expectations badly threatened. Sharp rays of hope occasionally pierce the darkness (e.g., 75; 85; 87). The brief third book contains most of the psalms of Asaph (73–83), as well as another set of Korah psalms (84–85; 87–88). |
Book 4 | Psalms 90–106 | Psalm 90 opens the fourth book of the psalms. It may be seen as the first response to the problems raised by Book 3. Psalm 90, attributed to Moses, reminds the worshiper that God was active on Israel’s behalf long before David. This theme is taken up in Psalms 103–106, which summarize God’s dealings with his people before any kings reigned. In between there is a group of psalms (93–100) characterized by the refrain “The LORD reigns.” This truth refutes the doubts of Psalm 89. |
Book 5 | Psalms 107–150 | The structure of Book 5 reflects the closing petition of Book 4 in 106:47. It declares that God does answer prayer (107) and concludes with five Hallelujah psalms (146–150). In between there are several psalms affirming the validity of the promises to David (110; 132; 144), two collections of Davidic psalms (108–110; 138–145); the longest psalm, celebrating the value of God’s law (119); and 15 psalms of ascent for use by pilgrims to Jerusalem (120–134). |
Romans 3 | OT Reference |
---|---|
Sinful Condition | |
v. 10, none is righteous | Ps. 14:3/53:3; Eccles. 7:20 |
v. 11a, no one understands | Ps. 14:2/53:2 |
v. 11b, no one seeks for God | Ps. 14:2/53:2 |
v. 12, all have turned aside; together they have become worthless; no one does good, not even one | Ps. 14:3/53:3 |
Sinful Speech (note progression from throat to tongue to lips) | |
v. 13a, b, their throat is an open grave; they use their tongues to deceive | Ps. 5:10, Septuagint (English, 5:9) |
v. 13c, the venom of asps is under their lips | Ps. 140:3 |
v. 14, their mouth is full of curses and bitterness | Ps. 10:7 |
Sinful Action | |
v. 15, their feet are swift to shed blood | Prov. 1:16/Isa. 59:7 |
v. 16, in their paths are ruin and misery | Isa. 59:7 |
v. 17, and the way of peace they have not known | Isa. 59:8 |
Summary Statement | |
v. 18, there is no fear of God before their eyes | Ps. 36:1 |
Ps. 3:2 As is usually the case in the OT, salvation here refers to both physical and spiritual deliverance from danger. The fact that the enemies are saying this of David’s soul means they are implying that his sins are so bad that God cannot save him.
A shield for his people. Without the proper shield, an ancient warrior had little chance in battle. Psalms uses the term “shield” (3:3) to describe God’s protection of his people.
Ps. 3:7 Arise. Compare Num. 10:35. For you strike . . . you break. David can boldly ask God for help because God has often protected him from enemies.
Psalm Ps. 3. This is the first psalm with a title. The title names David as the author and ties the psalm to Absalom’s rebellion (2 Samuel 15–16). Fourteen of the Davidic psalms add further information in their titles, connecting the psalm to a specific incident in David’s life (see chart). Since David as king is the representative of God’s people, it is likely that this psalm emphasizes David as the ideal member of the people of God. Thus it can be considered an individual lament. The information in the title helps readers to apply the lesson of the psalm: David shows genuine faith in his difficult circumstances, and readers can do the same.
Ps. 3:8 Salvation belongs to the LORD. It is the decision of the Lord, not of the enemies (v. 2), that makes the difference.
Psalm | Incident in David’s Life | References |
---|---|---|
3 | David flees from and battles Absalom | 2 Samuel 15–17 |
7 | The words of Cush, a Benjaminite (persecution by Saul?) | Unknown |
18 | David delivered from enemies and from Saul | 2 Samuel 22 |
30 | Dedication of the temple | Nothing in David’s lifetime; see 1 Kings 8:63 |
34 | David delivered from danger by feigning madness in the presence of King Achish of Gath | 1 Sam. 21:12–22:1 |
51 | Nathan confronts David about his adultery with Bathsheba | 2 Samuel 11–12 |
52 | Doeg the Edomite tells Saul that David went to the house of Ahimelech | 1 Sam. 22:9–19 |
54 | The Ziphites tell Saul that David is hiding among them | 1 Sam. 23:19 |
56 | The Philistines seize David in Gath | 1 Sam. 21:10–11 |
57 | David flees from Saul into a cave | 1 Sam. 22:1 or 24:3 |
59 | Saul sends men to watch David’s house in order to kill him | 1 Sam. 19:11 |
60 | David’s victory over Transjordan | 2 Sam. 8:1–14 |
63 | David in the desert of Judah | 2 Samuel 15–17?; 1 Sam. 23:14–15? |
142 | David flees from Saul into a cave | Same as Psalm 57 |
Psalm | Incident in David’s Life | References |
---|---|---|
3 | David flees from and battles Absalom | 2 Samuel 15–17 |
7 | The words of Cush, a Benjaminite (persecution by Saul?) | Unknown |
18 | David delivered from enemies and from Saul | 2 Samuel 22 |
30 | Dedication of the temple | Nothing in David’s lifetime; see 1 Kings 8:63 |
34 | David delivered from danger by feigning madness in the presence of King Achish of Gath | 1 Sam. 21:12–22:1 |
51 | Nathan confronts David about his adultery with Bathsheba | 2 Samuel 11–12 |
52 | Doeg the Edomite tells Saul that David went to the house of Ahimelech | 1 Sam. 22:9–19 |
54 | The Ziphites tell Saul that David is hiding among them | 1 Sam. 23:19 |
56 | The Philistines seize David in Gath | 1 Sam. 21:10–11 |
57 | David flees from Saul into a cave | 1 Sam. 22:1 or 24:3 |
59 | Saul sends men to watch David’s house in order to kill him | 1 Sam. 19:11 |
60 | David’s victory over Transjordan | 2 Sam. 8:1–14 |
63 | David in the desert of Judah | 2 Samuel 15–17?; 1 Sam. 23:14–15? |
142 | David flees from Saul into a cave | Same as Psalm 57 |
Although Psalm 3 only contains eight verses, much wisdom is gained from David's crying out to God. His son, Absalom, led a rebellion that caused David's friends and family to turn their backs on him. David's world was shattering beneath his feet, and the only solid ground he could find was God. Yet, why did he continue to go to the God who took everything away from him? David knew his strength came from our God above.
Where do Christians find strength in times of desperation? The obvious answer is God, but even then, we try to do almost everything in our own strength. We tend to favor the "me mindset," which can be fatal to a Christian because we are not tapping into the wisdom and guidance of God. We rely on our strength, and that is when we ultimately fall into a spiral of pride.
David, the king of Israel, cried out to God in his time of trouble. He understood that all his protection, significance, and confidence came directly from God. This belief is necessary to achieving a blossoming prayer life that leads to a strong relationship with our Creator. Call out to God even when you feel isolated with no hope. "Pray without ceasing," as Paul writes in 1 Thessalonians. Find comfort in the fact that you are talking to the God of the universe who loves you. David never stopped lifting his head to the heavens and calling on the name of the Lord.
Allow prayer to become repetitive in your life because you will start to see beauty in the mundane. The definition of prayer is communication with God, so follow in David's footsteps and call upon God to give you wisdom and the ability to find deliverance in every situation.
This month's memory verse
If you love me, you will keep my commandments.
1. What causes us to rely on our own strength before going to God?
2. What are some steps we can take to humble ourselves before our Father?
3. How can we change our attitudes and habits to become dependent in prayer?
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